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orientation of citizens support of citizens for integration; EP as the focus point for citizen's appreciation; shift of loyalties |
attribute of the EU system EU as a democratic and parliamentary state-like political system; EP as the main democratic organ |
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EU policies growing Europeanization of policies; leading role of the EP in policy-making |
EU institutions EP as the democratic centre of the EU system; truly legislative body |
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material interests growing interest of the public; EP as important centre of interest-mediation |
symbols, narratives European constitution; European citizenship; common values and symbols (flag, anthem) |
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orientation of the citizens EU perception mediated through national orientations; low support; nation states as main focus of the European peoples |
attribute of the EU union of states; not a european polity; limited capacity to command assent; only supplementary legitimacy by the EP |
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policies low politics; unspecific and diffuse perception of EU policies, though with increasing importance |
institutions European institutions are only oflimited importance; Council and European Council as centres of decision-making |
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material interests directed towards the national polities and their institutions |
symbols, narrative actually non-existent; superseded by national identification |
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orientation of the citizens mixed perception; neither strong support nor rejection; low interest with a high range of indifferent tolerance |
attributes of the EU system mixed polity with mixed sources of legitimacy: national and European; complexity |
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EU policies Europeanization; growing importance of EU policies acompanied by a certain preservation of national competencies |
EU institutions The EP as one actor among others, however with a special feature: direct democratic election; beneath other organs on different levels; interaction in formal and informal ways |
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material interests wide range of European, national, regional, local and functional actors with specific interests and patterns of representation; basically: the rational interest of modern welfare and service states on fusion |
symbols, narratives only slightly developing; not a driving force of a mixed polity, but neither one that will stop or revert the process |
