Table 1

Coding Sources (in percent)

Source \ Country	BBC	CSM	ECON	FT	Le Monde	Reuters	SDZ	Xinhua	other	N
Belgium	2.22	0.19	3.71	7.11	0.00	56.63	0.00	3.67	26.48	2617
France	0.21	0.34	0.45	3.14	6.77	54.42	0.00	4.20	30.46	15295
FRG	0.12	0.65	0.08	1.77	0.05	71.62	4.82	6.66	14.21	7503

mean	0.85	0.39	1.41	4.01	2.28	60.89	1.61	4.85	23.72

BBC: British Broadcast Cooperation
CSM: Christian Science Monitor
ECON: Economist
FT: Financial Times
SDZ: Süddeutsche Zeitung

Table 2

Descriptive Statistics for Biyearly European Protest Counts (N=32)

Variable	Mean	Standard Deviation	Variance	Minimum	Maximum
Belgian protest (total)	14.25	25.15	632.32	0	100
Belgian protest (farmers)	.88	1.60	2.56	0	6
Belgian protest (without farmers)	13.38	24.76	613.15	0	96
French protest (total)	21.69	30.59	935.96	0	120
French protest (farmers)	13.03	23.21	538.81	0	108
French protest (without farmers)	8.66	14.05	197.33	0	62
German protest (total)	2.97	3.84	14.74	0	15
German protest (farmers)	1.78	3.44	11.85	0	15
German protest (without farmers)	1.19	2.13	4.54	0	9

Table 3

Number of European protest events and rank-order of event frequency (1980-1995: six-month aggregation)

Period	France	Belgium	Germany	sequence of event frequency
1980-1	2 [1]	0 [2]	0 [2]	France-Belgium-Germany France-Germany-Belgium
1980-2	0 [2]	0 [2]	5 [1]	Germany-Belgium-France Germany-France-Belgium
1981-1	2 [2]	33 [1]	0 [3]	Belgium-France-Germany
1981-2	1 [-]	1 [-]	1 [-]
1982-1	10 [2]	100 [1]	0 [3]	Belgium-France-Germany
1982-2	1 [1]	0 [2]	0 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany France-Germany-Belgium
1983-1	21 [1]	7 [2]	1 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany
1983-2	3 [2]	73 [1]	1 [3]	Belgium-France-Germany
1984-1	43 [1]	7 [2]	1 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany
1984-2	3 [1]	1 [2]	0 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany
1985-1	34 [1]	1 [2]	0 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany
1985-2	6 [1]	1 [2]	1 [2]	France-Belgium-Germany France-Germany-Belgium
1986-1	2 [2]	0 [3]	4 [1]	Germany-France-Belgium
1986-2	16 [1]	0 [2]	0 [2]	France-Belgium-Germany France-Germany-Belgium
1987-1	7 [2]	3 [3]	15 [1]	Germany-France-Belgium
1987-2	0 [2]	1 [1]	0 [2]	Belgium-France-Germany Belgium-Germany-France
1988-1	11 [1]	1 [3]	7 [2]	France-Germany-Belgium
1988-2	0 [-]	0 [-]	0 [-]
1989-1	5 [1]	3 [2]	3 [2]	France-Belgium-Germany France-Germany-Belgium
1989-2	1 [1]	0 [2]	0 [2]	France-Belgium-Germany France-Germany-Belgium
1990-1	30 [1]	2 [3]	10 [2]	France-Germany-Belgium
1990-2	8 [1]	6 [2]	1 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany
1991-1	3 [2]	6 [1]	0 [3]	Belgium-France-Germany
1991-2	52 [1]	2 [3]	3 [2]	France-Germany-Belgium
1992-1	120 [1]	5 [2]	4 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany
1992-2	100 [1]	14 [2]	6 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany
1993-1	91 [1]	43 [2]	9 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany
1993-2	41 [1]	41 [1]	7 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany Belgium-France-Germany
1994-1	20 [1]	4 [2]	4 [2]	France-Belgium-Germany France-Germany-Belgium
1994-2	7 [3]	13 [1]	10 [2]	Belgium-Germany-France
1995-1	21 [2]	53 [1]	1 [3]	Belgium-France-Germany
1995-2	34 [1]	2 [2]	1 [3]	France-Belgium-Germany

The first row denotes the number of protest events and the numbers in paranthesis in the second row indicate the rank-order of event frequency among the three countries.

Table 4

Sequence count of European protest

Sequence count	all protesters	farmers	non-farmers
*France-Belgium-Germany*	17	16	11
France-Germany-Belgium	10	15	3
Belgium-France-Germany	7	1	12
Belgium-Germany-France	2	1	5
Germany-Belgium-France	1	1	1
Germany-France-Belgium	3	3	1

Table 5

Crosstabulation of relative event frequency and relative degree of territorial centralization (for all protest events)

Observed Count Expected Value	France (high)	Belgium (medium)	Germany (low)	Row Total
1	20 10.3	8 10.3	3 10.3	31 34.4%
2	9 12.7	17 12.7	12 12.7	38 42.2%
3	1 7.0	5 7.0	15 7.0	21 23.3%
Column Total	30 33.3%	30 33.3%	30 33.3%	90 100%

Number of Missing Observations: 6 Somers' D .50593 Chi-Square 32.21028 (4 DF; significance: .00000)

Table 6

Analysis of Variance For All Protest Events

Source	degrees of freedom	Sums of Squares	Mean Square	F-ratio	Probability
Territorial Centralization	2	5622.02	2811.01	5.5286	0.0054
Error	93	47285.9	508.451
Total	95	52907.96

Appendix

Table A1

Crosstabulation of relative event frequency and relative degree of territorial centralization (only farmer protest)

Observed Count Expected Value	France (high)	Belgium (medium)	Germany (low)	Row Total
1	21 8.7	1 8.7	4 8.7	26 33.3%
2	4 12.3	17 12.3	16 12.3	37 47.4%
3	1 5.0	8 5.0	6 5.0	15 19.2%
Column Total	26 33.3%	26 33.3%	26 33.3%	78 100.0%

Number of Missing Observations: 18 Somers' D .43442 Chi-Square 40.53264 (significance: .00000)

Table A2

Analysis of Variance For Farmer Protest

Source	degrees of freedom	Sums of Squares	Mean Square	F-ratio	Probability
Territorial Centralization	2	2935.02	1467.51	7.9580	0.0006
Error	93	17149.9	184.408
Total	95	20085.0

Table A3

Crosstabulation of relative event frequency and relative degree of territorial centralization (all non-farmer protest)

Observed Count Expected Value	France (high)	Belgium (medium)	Germany (low)	Row Total
1	14 8.7	11 8.7	1 8.7	26 34.7%
2	9 10.3	14 10.3	8 10.3	31 41.3%
3	2 6.0	0 6.0	16 6.0	18 24.0%
Column Total	25 33.3%	25 33.3%	25 33.3%	75 100%

Number of Missing Observations: 21 Somers' D .51947 Chi-Square 38.02564 (significance: .00000)

Table A4

Analysis of Variance For Non-Farmer Protest

Source	degrees of freedom	Sums of Squares	Mean Square	F-ratio	Probability
Territorial Centralization	2	2070.19	1035.09	4.1116	0.0195
Error	93	23412.97	251.752
Total	95	25483.16

Figure 1

Temporal changes and the comparative degree of (territorial) centralization