Table I

Representative food borne bacteria, viruses, and parasites

Etiological Agent	Source	Suspect Foods
BACTERIAL:
Bacillus cereus	Soil, dust	meat, milk, vegetables, fish, soups

Campylobacter jejuni	cattle, chicken, birds, flies,	chicken, turkey, raw milk, beef,
	stream or pond water	pork, lamb, shellfish, water

Escherichia coli O157:H7	cattle, deer	undercooked hamburger, raw milk,
		unpasterized apple cider

Salmonella species	water, soil, animal feces,	raw meats, poultry, eggs, milk,
	raw meats, raw poultry,	dairy products, fish, shrimp, sauces
	raw seafood	and salad dressings, cake mixes,
		cocoa, chocolate

VIRAL:
Hepatitis A	infected workers, feces	cold cuts, sandwiches, fruits, fruit
		juices, milk, milk products,
		vegetables, salads, shellfish, iced
		drinks, water
PARASITIC:
Toxoplasma gondii	sheep, pigs, bear, cat	raw or undercooked pork, mutton,
	feces	rarely beef, bear

Source: Doores 1999.

Table II

Trends in Escherichia coli O157:H7

	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	Per Million Inhabitants (1996)
Austria	9				11	1.4
Belgium					52
Germany	41	32		195	314	3.9
Ireland				15	14	8.8
Italy	7	14			9	0.2
Scotland	10		190		506	99.2
Sweden	0	2	3	114	118	13.6
United Kingdom	627	540	685	1138	1180	20.3
TOTAL	694	588	878	1462	2204

Table III

Reported Cases of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the United Kingdom and other countries (as of December 2000)

Country	Native cases	Imported cases	Total cases
United Kingdom	180,376		180,376
Republic of Ireland	487	12	499
Portugal	446	6	452
Switzerland	363	-	363
France	150	1	151
Belgium	18	-	18
Netherlands	6	-	6
Liechtenstein	2	-	2
Denmark	1	1	2
Luxembourg	1	-	1
Germany	1	6	7
Oman	-	2	2
Italy	-	2	2
Spain	0	2	2
Canada	-	1	1
Falklands	-	1	1
Azores	0	1	1

Table IV

Chronology of variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (nvCJD) in the United Kingdom and other European countries, as of December 2000

Year of Onset	United Kingdom	France	Ireland
1994	8	1
1995	10
1996	11
1997	14
1998	17
1999	20(+4)	1(+1)	1
2000	1(+2)

Table V

Attitudes toward a European Food Authority

	Risk Manage-ment	Risk Assess-ment & Communication	Urgency in Creating an EFA	Subsidiarity	Democratic Accountability & Transparency
PARLIAMENT	Low	Medium (1)	High	Medium	High
COUNCIL	Low	Medium	High	High	Transparency

(high=favorable toward competency, low=unfavorable toward competency)

(1) Parliament (2000e) "believes that the Rapid Alert System which allows the rapid identification and notification of urgent food safety problems, should continue to be the responsibility of the Commission, working closely with the Member States and the EFSA, but that in due course it may be appropriate for the Rapid Alert System to be operated within the EFSA." (Bowis Report). In its common position, adopted June 2001, Parliament removed the Rapid Reaction Force from the EFA and returned it to the Commission. See European Commission (2001a). Council concurred.

Figure 1

Interconnectedness of Risk Assessment, Communication, and Management

Source: McNab, Alves, Lammerding, Stahevitch, and Morely. (1996) Risk Assessment Models of Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. OMAFRA, Guelph, Canada

Figure 2

Linkages between Human Health Outcomes, Animals, and the Environment

Figure 3

The Proposed Structure of a European Food and Public Health Authority

Source: James, Kemper, Pascal (1999)