| EU-Level Policy Choices
/ Components of Liberalization |
No EU-Regime [1] |
Informal Regime [2] |
Inter- governmental Regime [3] |
Supra- national Regime [4] |
| Ownership | Privatization in telecoms and electricity | |||
| Administrative Reform | Separate and Independent Regulatory Authorities in telecoms and electricity | |||
| Deregulation | Telecom Equipment | |||
| Regulation-of- competition | All aspects of two sectors but notably Electricity generation | |||
| Regulation-for- competition | Electricity transmission & distribution | Telecoms networks |
| Countries that ... | ||
| ...established Separate Regulatory Authorities (I) |
...allow them Nominal Independence (II) |
|
| Telecoms (no of countries) |
98 out of 145 (68%) |
67 out 90 (74%) |
| Electricity (no of countries) |
45 out of 117 ( 38%) |
22 out of 40 (55%) |
x2 for column 1=22.5; x2 for column 2=13.46; Both significant at the level <0.001
(Source: see appendix)
| European
Union (N=14) [1] |
Latin
America (N=16) [2] |
Democratic &
Rich (N=8) [3] |
|||||
| Telecoms | Electricity | Telecoms | Electricity | Telecoms | Electricity | ||
| O W N E R S H I P |
Number of Privatization Events | 100% (14 of 14) |
62% (8 from 13) |
62% (10 from 16) |
69% (11 from 16) |
100% (7 from 7) |
57% (4 from 7) |
| Median Year of Privatization Events | 1996 | 1991 | 1994 | 1995 | 1990 | 1993 | |
| Mean Year (range & standard deviation) | 1995, (19; 4.5) |
1992, (15; 5.3) |
1993, (16; 5) |
1995, (14; 4) |
1992, (14; 5.5) |
1994, (5; 2.2) |
|
| Ownership* 1975 (score and standard deviation) |
Public (1.3; 0.6) |
Mostly Public (2.1; 1.3) |
Public (1.1; 0.3) |
Mostly Public (1.4; 0.5) |
Mostly Public (1.9; 1.5) |
Mostly Public (2.2; 1.5) |
|
| Ownership* 2000 (score and standard deviation) |
Mostly Private (3.7; 1) |
Mixed (2.8; 1.4) |
Mixed (3.2; 1.6) |
Mixed (2.9; 1.4) |
Mostly Private (4; 0.9) |
Mixed (2.6; 1.3) |
|
| A D M I N I S T R A T I O N |
Established Regulatory agencies | 100% (14 from 14) |
86% (12 from 14) |
100% (16 from 16) |
81% (13 from 16) |
62% (5 from 8) |
62% (5 from 8) |
| Median Year | 1996 | 1997 | 1995 | 1994 | 1987 | 1987 | |
| Mean Year (range, S.D.) | 1994 (12, 4.3) |
1997 (11, 3.3) |
1994 (15, 3.8) |
1994 (12, 3.3) |
1976 (58, 24) |
1974 (61, 26) |
|
| Nominal Independence of Regulatory Agencies | 100% (14 from 14) |
93% (11 from 12) |
62% (10 from 16) |
54% (7 from 13) |
100% (5 from 5) |
80% (4 from 5) |
|
| C O M P E T I T I O N |
Wholesale Competition** | 100% (14 from 14) |
100% (14 from 14) |
44% (7 from 16) |
50% (8 from 16) |
100% (8 from 8) |
62% (5 from 8) |
| Retail Competition*** | 100% (14 from 14) |
29% (4 from 14) |
6% (1 from 16) |
6% (1 from 16) |
75% (6 from 8) |
50% (4 from 8) |
|
(*) Ownership Key: Private=5; Mostly Private=4 Mixed=3
Mostly Public=2 Public=1 Ownership classifications for both sectors are based
on my own estimate of the public share in the revenue of the industry for each
country. The classification was carried according to the following criteria:
Mostly Public (more than 85%), Mostly Public (70%-85%), Mixed (30%-70%), Mostly
Private (15%-30%) and Private (less than 15%). The ownership calculations in
telecoms refer to the traditional business of telephony and not to the Internet
or mobile markets.
(**) Opening the International Telecoms
Market for Competition and Transmission Networks in electricity.
(***) Telecoms unbundling or free choice of supplier in
electricity
