Table I

Establishing the degree of policy misfit of a Directive

degree of
legal misfit
limited practical
significance
degree of
policy misfit (total)
high no high
high yes medium
medium no medium
medium yes low
low no low
low yes low
none none

Source: Falkner/Treib/Hartlapp/Leiber forthcoming

Table II

The aggregation system applied to establish the overall misfit (examples)

DEGREE OF
POLICY MISFIT
DEGREE OF
POLITICS/POLITY
MISFIT
COSTS Combination of three sub-forms
of misfit results in:
DEGREE OF
OVERALL MISFIT
high high high high
high medium medium high
high low low high
low low low low
low medium low medium
low high low high
(same logic applies to further combinations of scores)

Source: Falkner/Treib/Hartlapp/Leiber forthcoming

 
 
 
 
 

Table III

The cost categories stemming from six labour law Directives

Cost category potentially arising from particular Directive Sectors and
groups of
workers
affected
Maximum
short-term
cost
potential
Higher
long-term
cost
potential
Work Contract Information Directive (f) administrative burden to issue written information all low
Pregnant Workers Directive (a) pay or allowance during leave (if social insurance pays)
(c) costs for replacement, leave, transfer or suspension
(d) risk assessment costs
(f) administrative burden of information transfer
only particular and small group of work force included medium
Working Time Directive (b) less hours per worker make effective labour costs rise (additional workers needed or extra pay for over time)
(d) costs for improved health protection (e.g. checks for night workers)
(e) change of shift schedules etc.
(f) administrative burdens (bookkeeping, notification of night work, etc.)
cuts across categories and sectors high
Young Workers Directive (b) working time reductions (costs for additional workers or more expensive adult workers)
(d) costs for improved health protection
(e) change of work schedules etc.
applies to small group of workers only medium
Parental Leave Directive (c) replacement costs (selection procedure, training)
(f) some administrative burden if parental leave is new or if new system is more flexible
applies to group of workers only (parents) low yes (if more
fathers take
up their
right)
Part-time Work Directive (b) higher costs via non-discrimination in wages and working conditions
(e) change of work schedules
applies to group of workers only (part-timers) medium

Source: Falkner/Treib/Hartlapp/Leiber forthcoming

Table IV

Overall costs triggered by six Directives in the EU15

None Low Medium High
Employment Contract - 15 - -
Pregnant Workers - 12 3 -
Young Workers - 15 - -
Working Time - 8 5 2
Parental Leave - 15 - -
Part-Time Work 1 9 5 -
total (90 cases) 1 74 13 2
% of total cases 1% 83% 14% 2%

Source: Falkner/Treib/Hartlapp/Leiber forthcoming

Table V

Overall misfit created by six labour law Directives in 15 member states

Misfit Directives
EC PW WT YW PL PTW total %
none 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1%
low 12 6 6 9 6 7 46 51%
medium 3 8 6 6 5 5 33 37%
high 0 1 3 0 4 2 10 11%
total 15 15 15 15 15 15 90 100%
Legend:
EC   Employment Contract   YW   Young Workers(1)
PW Pregnant Workers PL Parental Leave
WT Working Time PTW Part-Time Work

Source: Falkner/Treib/Hartlapp/Leiber forthcoming

 
 
 
 
 

Table VI

Ranking of member states according to size of overall misfit

MS Overall
misfit
Number
of cases
Points   MS Overall
misfit
Number
of cases
Points
F low
medium
high
6
0
0
6 I low
medium
high
2
4
0
10
E low
medium
high
6
0
0
6 S low
medium
high
3
2
1
10
NL low
medium
high
4
1
0
6 A low
medium
high
1
5
0
11
D low
medium
high
5
1
0
7 P low
medium
high
1
5
0
11
FIN low
medium
high
4
2
0
8 DK low
medium
high
2
1
3
13
LUX low
medium
high
4
1
1
9 IRL low
medium
high
1
3
2
13
B low
medium
high
3
3
0
9 GB low
medium
high
1
2
3
14
GR low
medium
high
3
3
0
9
Legend:
Points given for no misfit = 0, low =1, medium =2, high =3.
EC   Employment Contract   YW   Young Workers(*)
PW Pregnant Workers PL Parental Leave
WT Working Time PTW Part-Time Work

(*) It should be mentioned that the UK is a special case with regard to this Directive (Treib 2004), for there are two sizes of misfit under an earlier and a second implementation deadline. We calculated medium misfit in this table, since this is the total effect, in the long run.

Table VII

Levels of change in national policies

Level Europeanisation of…
Macro type of regime on policy level
Meso individual policy instrument or number of recent instruments
(“recent policy stream”, see text below)
Micro action by individual or corporate actors
(even if no result in terms of policy)

Table VIII

Policy stream dimensions as a tool for studying Europeanisation at the meso level

Dimension of policy stream: Example
(abstract)
Example
(specific)
Relevance for our empirical study(**)
Content policy-specific measures and their overall direction (change within(***) the type rule system) a new law on specific aspects of working conditions, or a series of such laws (but not: a basic reform of the employment model) developments (if unidirectional) might sum up and lead to change in regime at some point
Process patterns of decision-making applied recently degree of interest group participation in the adoption of this/these recent law(s) even in a country with, e.g., pluralist tradition of labour law making, there may be a tripartite pact including such aspects, at a given point in time (and any pro-corporatist EU-level impact would not be as foreign as without it)
Discourse ideas, arguments and communicative action characterising the current political debate a "liberalisation discourse" may dominate politics e.g. in the field of labour law at a specific point in time in a given country looking only at, e.g., a rather protective labour law system could be misleading if, at the same time, an intensive national liberalisation discourse prevails which makes a country comparatively more open for a liberalising EU-generated impact

(**) Only focussing on regime changes, one would overlook developments below that level.

(***) Such change may affect the deeply rooted regime type, but does not profoundly challenge it. Otherwise, there would be a change on the macro level.

Table IX

Theoretical lenses, their focus on empirical phenomena, and expected stability

Theoretical lens historical institutionalism discourse analysis rational choice
Empirical phenomenon in focus institutions as national “models” or regime types policy stream strategic action
Degree of expected stability high (since deeply rooted) medium (fairly well-rooted) low (since rather flexible)

Table X

Three levels of Europeanisation effects in practice

Macro level Meso level
of recent policy stream
Micro level
of individual action
Country:
Austria
corporatism type: tripartite concertation in social policy no change on that level, at large dismantling of corporatism Europeanisation effect: conservation of co-operative patterns in field of Europeanised social policy (as opposed to other sub-fields) unions have new opportunity in multi-level games
e.g. Parental Leave Directive: unions promoted "individual right" to take leave via supra-national level; new kind of multi-level games take place

©2003 by Falkner
formated and tagged by MN, 29.12.2003