Table I

Menu of EU Modes of Governance

Table 1

Table II

Sequence of Integration and Europeanization

	actor constel- lation t₁	integration t₂	Europeani- zation t₃	resulting regulation
monetary and fiscal policy	conservative- liberal coalition	strong	strong	EMU: hard law
	t₄	t₅	t₆
employment and social policy	social democratic coalition	weak	weak	OMC: soft law

Figure 1

Governments dominated by the left in percentage*

*Based on a data-set of Schmidt et al. (2003). 2003: own data. For 1997 and 2000 the data refer to the time of the Amsterdam and Lisbon summit respectively. Numbers in graph 1 refer to the percentage of ministers of the left (Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats and Greens) and the right (Christian Democrats, Centrists, Conservatives, Liberals and the non-regionalist Right). Others refers to ministers or prime ministers without party affiliation; in graph 2 these mainly are technocratic governments in Italy.