| Attitude Issue | New Europe | Old Europe |
| Position on EVG | Mostly against | Mostly supporting |
| Iraq War | Mostly supporting | Mostly opposing |
| Integration of EU | Mostly widening | Mostly deepening |
| EU as challenge to US | Mostly opposing | Mostly supporting |
| Likely Group Membership | UK, Italy, CCEE, Nordic States | France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg |
| Cultural Indicators | Belief Characteristics | New Europe Developmental Culture | Old Europe Rhenish Culture |
| Attitudes, Values, Beliefs |
Type of Capitalism | Competitive | Cooperative (Rhenish) |
| Time frame | Short-term | Long-term | |
| Central characters | Shareholders | Stakeholders | |
| Market | Free | Social | |
| Relationship to others | Adversarial | Communication and dialogue | |
| Attitudes Predicting Normative Behaviour |
Social policy imperatives | Reducing social costs, employment regulations to make 'hiring and firing' easier | Close relations between banks and industry, long term collaboration between employers and trade unions, social protection, employee participation, consultation and representation |
| Position on Iraq war | Supportive | Opposed | |
| Development of EU | Widening | Deepening | |
| Power position to US | Cooperative | Challenging | |
| Integration | Developmental | Rapid EU political and economic integration | |
| Political process | Pairing deals feasible | Creating greater potential for collective agreement as opposed to pairing deals | |
| Likely Group Membership | UK, Italy, CCEE, Nordic States | France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg | |
| Ideology | Ethos | Origin |
| Individualism | Emphasizes the autonomy of the individual as against the community or social group. | First used in a translation of de Tocqueville's Democracy in America in 1835. |
| Collectivism | Emphasizes the priority of the community as a whole or the group as against the individual. | Coined in the 1880s, originally as a synonym for common ownership of the means of production. |
| Type of Individualism | Nature |
| Conservative | Based upon an unquestioned acceptance of the capitalist status quo, upon an uncritical endorsement of what is, and that many in the UK associate with the UK Prime Minister Thatcher during the 1980s and 1990s. |
| Capitalist | Concerned with competitive and possessive individualism; interested in the individual and their properties and needs rather than greeds; is more about individualism as an end, as an effect, as a purpose, as a destination, as an accomplishment, and as an attainment. |
| Socialist | Concerned with cooperative and rational individualism, relating to distribution of goods according to need as opposed to greed. |
| Democratic | Concerned with a rational political economy which social democrats believe will be much more conducive to, and promotive of a healthy and positive kind of individualism. The more rational society becomes, the more radical will be the working concept of individualism, and the more comprehensive and versatile will actual and real individual persons are. |
| Characteristic | Individualism | Collectivism | |
| Network | Organisational | ||
| Basic unit of social System | Atomistic individuals | Relational dyads that link individuals | Dyads linking individuals and collective |
| Basis of identity | Personal attributes | Personal attributes, especially those involving dyadic relationships | Group affiliation |
| Exchange | Bilateral and reciprocal relationships between individuals | Bilateral and reciprocal relationships between individuals | Bilateral and reciprocal Relationships between individual and their collective. |
| Object of loyalty | Self | Self and exchange partners | Collective |
| Dominant consideration in goal pursuit | Self | Personal gain and relationship with exchange partners | Relationship with collective |
| Authors | Transactional | Relational |
| Toennies (1957) | Gesellschaft (association) collectives support individualism and the agent's proprietary belief system. Provides for social ties without requiring community (Gemeinschaft) processes. | Gemeinschaft (community) collectives involve a sharing of social/physical or cultural space and they form an organic whole. Social influences on agent's values, beliefs, self-identity and behaviour are external. No distinction is made between influences from relationships with other individuals and influence in relationships with particular collectives. |
| Triandis (1995, 2003) | Ideocentric collectives are defined as collective of social contracts between the rational wills of its individual members. | Allocentric collectives have an emphasis on understanding the individual within the context of the larger collective. |
| White and Nakurama (2004) | The network collective is an object of secondary loyalty. It is seen as a set of individuals with which an agent has direct, indirect or no ties. The collective is not an entity separable from the individuals who comprise it. People and their relationships with other exchange partners are objects worthy of loyalty. Agents would identify and pursue goals that benefit themselves and their set of exchange partners. They would not place a high priority on goals and objectives of other individuals with whom they do not have a salient direct or indirect tie, even though they may be members of the same collective. There is little interest in "collective" goals not directly contributing to personal goals or the goals of those with whom they have a particularistic relationship. | The organisational collective is an object of primary loyalty, as a set of individuals who have ties with the same collective entity. It is also a separate entity with an exchange relationship to the individual, and the source of benefits and other resources important to the individual. Relationship with the collective as a whole is a primary object of loyalty. When conflicts arise, the collective has precedence over any loyalty and relationships with particular individuals in the same collective. Individuals exert effort in pursuit of collective goals and objectives, even at the expense of their own interests or those of others in the collective with whom they have direct ties. |
| Characteristics of culture | Transactional | Relational |
| Type group | New Europe | Old Europe |
| Respect | The collective is not separable from the individual. | The collective is a superior organic whole. |
| Honour | Relationships to other individuals are important and must be honoured. | Relationship to the whole is important and must be honoured. |
| Synergy | Individuals and their proprietary belief systems important. | The whole is influenced by relationships with individuals and influence in relationships with particular collectives. |
| Allegiances | Individual social contracts are important. | Gaol seeking should be for collective benefit. |
| Learning | Goal formation should be for individual benefit. | Collective gaol formation takes precedence over personal gaol formation. |
| Sensibility | Ideocentric collectives are important, operating through social contracts between the rational wills of its individual members. | Allocentric collectives are important, where the members operate subjectively. |
| Characteristics | Meaning of terms for Joint Alliances |
| Phenomenal system | Usually referred to as the system in which behavioural events are manifested, and involving a set of structured parts that interact, work together, and permit coherent behaviour. |
| Figurative system | Virtual images constituted as a figurative system of thought that can be manifested (through what we shall in due course refer to as operative intelligence) as systemic events. |
| Metasystem | The cultural or paradigmatic dimension of an agent that enables decision making and control to occur. |
| Interests | There should be long term mutual interests in an alliance developing. The agents in a suprasystem should be able to work and interact with each other cooperatively, without the threat of passive or active violence or disadvantage that acts as a constraint on viability. |
| Purposes | Purposes that are seen as strategic aims and objectives of corporate organizations should be compatible. Strategic aims and objectives of agents should be compatible, ideological and ethical issues should be made transparent, and communication should permit the development of plans. Political processes should serve the needs of suprasystem stability rather than individual agents. Controls should operate through clear identifiable criteria that are not intended to favour given agents such that others have their potential diminished. |
| Influence | There should be a sharing of knowledge to enable the creation of a new paradigm that rules the alliance and guides its behaviour. T there should be a knowledge migration between the agent worldviews enabling them to understand each other. This will ultimately guide the development of cooperative behaviour. It also relates to trust (a function of belief), and if this is not apparent then it should become an aim. |
| The whole | The competencies of the alliance should be greater than that of any one operating partner. |
| Culture | Cultural compatibility between partner organizations is important. This includes political culture, and its consequences (e.g., political processes). This does not mean that a culture must be homogenous, just that the cultural beliefs should not be contradictory. |
| Trust | Trust between organizations is essential, reducing the need to elaborate on procedures. This does not mean that controls can be dispensed with. |
| Interconnections | Open communications between the partners involved in an alliance is essential. |
| Relational change | Change in the partner relationships can inevitably involve volatility. |
